LONEITUTE THIAN
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
I. SERTHLUM TICHHETU LANGSAR DEUH DEUHTE
A. India rampum huapa serthlum tichhetu langsar zual deuh deuh te
1. Rannung
(1) A dawttu hrik (Aphid, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera aurantii)
(2) Katnelh, a dawttu (Citrus Psylla. Diaphorina citri)
(3) A hnah hreuh rangtu ( Leaf Minor, Phyllocnisfis citrella)
(4) A dawttu khuavang chhinchhiah ang tak (Scale insect, Aonidietla spp, Aspidiorus destructor)
(5) Pikhawizu lian (Fruit flies, Dacus spp)
2. Natna
(1) A kung hnai la (Gummosis. Phytophthora spp)
(2) A hnah tla leh a rah tawih (Leaf fall & Fruit rot, Phytophthora palm ivora)
(3) A hnah rau (Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloesporioides. Gleosporium spp)
(4) A hnah dum (Sooty mould, Capnodium citri, Meliolabulteri, Ckldosporium herbarium).
(5) A hnah val leh rau (Citrus lanker, Xanthomonas citri)
(6) Tristeza (Tristeza virus)
(7) A hnah hring hlup (Greening, Mycoplasma)
3. Hnim:
Serthlum hmun awmna azirin hnim chi hrang hrang a awm a, hnim chu hnah sin (thang, di),phungladin leh hnah bial tiin then a ni.
B. Mizoram serthlum tichhetu langsarte:
(1) A dawttu hrik (Aphids)
(2) Katnelh var (Whitefly)
(3) Serthlum rah dawttu, lungphur thlahtu (Fruit sucking moth)
(4) Phengphehlep dum Phuntiha (Lemon butterfly)
(5) A kung leh a zik khertu pangang (Stem and Shoot borer)
(6) A dawttu var (Citrus mealy bug)
(7) Maimawm te, dawttu (Citrus mites)
2. Natna
(1) A zik leh tang thi (Dieback, Anthracnose, Physiological causes Colletotrichum gloeosporioide)
(2) Vutbuak (Powdery mildew, Acrosporium tingitaninum)
(3) A kung hnai lo (Diplodiagummosis, Diplodia natalenasis)
(4) A hnah val (Scab, Elsinoefawcetti)
(5) A hnah eng ( Citrus Mosaic, Mosaic Virus).
(6) A hnah val leh rau (Citrus Canker, Xanthomonas citro
(7) A hnah hring hlup, rah thei lo (Greening, Mycoplasma).
(8) A hnah dum (Sooty mould, Capnodium cirro
3. Thlai rulhut
(1) A zung tisawrbawktu (Root knot nematode. Melodgyne spp)
(2) A zung titawihtu (Citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrons)
Source
Ziaktu : C. Lalnithanga, APPO
Bu hming : Loneitu Thian (IPM)
Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)
Page 278-298
II. SERTHLUM HMUNA A TICHHETU THLITHLAI
A. Serthlum hmuna a tichhetu zawn
Serthlum hmuna kala, a tichhetu rannung zawn hi an inthlahpun hma leh natna a tai darh hmaa tih rem theih nan a tangkai hle a ni. Hemi atan hian serthlum hmun thlithlai tur bikte hriatchian hmasak tur a ni. Serthlum tichhetu thlithlai laia thil hmuh dan azirin department-a thawktute leh huan neitute chuan nasa zawkin serthlum hmunah kalin a tichhetu rannung leh natna te an thlithlai tur a ni. Rannung chimawm leh natna chuan a hlauhawm chin (ETL) thleng dawn a nih loh chuan rannung thahna hlo leh damdawi kah tur a ni.
A hnuai ami ang hian serthlum eichhetu rannung leh natna hi loneitute chuan an thlithlai tur a ni.
1. Serthlum hmun chu ni 7-10 danah tlawh la. (a tichhetu rannung tam dan azir leh nasat dan azirin). Serthlum tichhetu rannung leh natna i hmuh chu ziakin chhinchhiah la. Serthlum hmun pakhatah serthlum kung 20 hmun hrang hrang ami chu chik takin en la, kung khatah serthlum hnah 5 tal endik turin mal la. Serthlum kung khatah a hnah no 3 tal chik takin en la, chuta i hmuh a tichhetu ranung chu ziakin chhinchhiah zel ang che. Rannung tha i hmuh leh a awmzat te pawh chhinchhiah ang che.
2. Department-a thawk leh huan neitute chuan kartin vawi khat tal serthlum tichhetu rannung leh natna chuan a hlauhawm chin (ETL) a thlen dawn leh dawn loh hriat nan serthlum hmun an tlawhin an thlithlai ziah tur a ni, rannungtha awm leh a zat pawh an chhinchhiah tel tur a ni. Serthlum tuihnang dawttu rannung heng, thlawk sep sep dum (Black fly), thlawk sep sep var (whitefly) leh katnelh (Psylla) te tam lam hre tur chuan serthlum hnah no, a zik lam leh a hnuai lam ami ena chhiar tur a ni a, kung khatah a zikno panga(5) ami entur a ni. Serthlum hnah eitu pangang (Sava ek ang tak, ki chhuah thei) awm zat hre tur chuan serthlum ler lam a zikno panga(5) en thlithlai tur a ni a, a zik tin chu a chung lam, a lai lam leh a hnuai lam vek tur a ni a, zik tina pangang awm zat ziakin chhinchhiah tur a ni.
Huan neitute hnena serthlum tichhetu rannung leh natna thlithlai a tulzia thu hriattirna chu chanchinbu ah te, DDK leh Local TV ah te Department chuan hriattirna a chhuahin a tlangaupui tur a ni.
B. Pheromone Thang/Thangthleng dar/ eng/Puan ban leh Eng thang hmanga Serthlum tichhetu rannung thlithlai:
1. Pheromone thang:
Serthlum rah titawihtu Pikhawizu lian (Fruit flies), a hnah hreuh tu pangang te (leaf miner) leh a tuihnang dawttu var (mealy bug) te rimtui hmanga hip khawm nan Pheromone thang hman tur a ni. Hectare khata Pheromone thang, rannung chi khat tan panga (5) kam tur a ni a, 50 metre a inhlatah hun tur a ni. Rannung azirin Pheromone thang chhunga dah tur rimtui bawm (lure) chu a hran a awm theuh a, rimtui bawm chu ni 20 danah a tharin thlak zel tur a ni. Pheromone thang a tla rannung chu nitin ena, tihhluma lakchhuah zel tur ani.
2. Thleng dar eng leh puan ban:
Rannnung var, thlawk sep sep (whitefly) man nan hectare khatah thleng eng leh puan ban chu sawm (10) ve ve serthlum kungah dah tur a ni. Thleng dar eng chu a chhung lam mutih hriak/grease hnawih nal tur a ni, tah chuan thlawk sep sep var chu an tla bet dawn a ni. Puan ban pawh rannung tak te te man nan serthlum kungah thlun tur a ni.
3. Eng thang:
Rannung dum, thlawk sep sep chi (black fly) man nan serthlum hmunah eng thang hun tur a ni. Hemi atan hian Eng thang eng (yellow) wave length 550 nano meter enlet thei chu tlai thim dawnah darkar 2 chhung serthlum hmunah hun tur a ni.
C. A hlauhawm chin (Economic Threshold Level – ETL: Serthlum hmun an tlawh atanga an chhinchhiah dan angin department-a thawktute chuan serthlum tichhetu leh natna laka serthlum veng tur atan an lak theih nan a hlauhawm chin (ETL) an bithliah tur a ni. Serthlum tichhetu langsar zual tana ETL chu a hnuai ami ang hi a ni:-
| Sl.No | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A tuihnang dawttu hrik (Aphids)
(a) Aphis spiraecola : Serthlum zik a tih chhiat chu 5-10% a tlinin (b) Aphis gossypii : Serthlum zik a tihchhiat chu 25% a tlinin (c) Toxoptera aurantii : Serthlum zik a tihchhiat chu 25% a tlinin |
|
| 2 | Rannung thlawk sep sep (White fly)
(a) Dialurodes citri : Serthlum hnah pakhata a note (nymphs) 20-30 a awmin (b) Aleurocanthus ssp : Serthlum zika an awmkhawm hmasak ber tum (c) Parabemisia myricae : Serthlum zika an awmkhawm hmasak ber tum |
|
| 3 | A tuihnang dawttu rannung var (nealy bug, Planococcus citri) : Serthlum rah 15% an dawt chhiatin (an bawmin) | |
| 4 | A tui hnang dawttu, khuavang chhinchhiah a bet thep (Soft Scale, saissetia oleae) : Serthlum zik no 10cm a a nu (female) pakhat ang zela awmin emaw serthlum hnah pakhat zela a note (nymph) 3-5 a awmin emaw | |
| 5 | A tuihnang dawttu, kawr khauh nei (Amnured sclae, Aonidiella aurantii) : Serthlum zik no, 10cm a seia a nu (female) pakhat zel a awmin emaw Serthlum hnah pakhat zela a note (nymph) 3-5 a awmin emaw. | |
| 6 | Lungphur thlahtu (pangang) (moth, Prays cirri) : Serthlum par 50% a eichhiatin | |
| 7 | Pikhawizu lian (fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata) : Pheromone thang pakhata kartin Pikhawizu lian 40-50 a flakin (man a nihin) | |
| 8 | Maimawmte, a tuihnang dawttu
(mites)
(a) Eriophyes shedoni : A zik no 50-70% a tihchhiatin (b) Panonychus citri : A hnah 50% a tihchhiatin (c) Tetranychus urticae : A hnah 10% a tihchhiatin or a rah 2% a tihchhiatin (d) Aeulops pelekassi : A rah 2-3% a tihchhiatin. |
III. SERTHLUM VEN NANA IPM HMAN TURTE
A. Loneitu thiamsa
1. Vai ram chu hmun zawl a ni a, Serthlum hmun pawh zawlah an siam thin a. Thal lai leh nipui laiin lei an letphut a, leia awm rannung, natna hrik leh thlai rulhut nisaah a pho hlum theih a ni. Mizoramah chuan hetiang hian a theih lohva, fai takin a hmun sam tur a ni. A remchan chuan Serthlum kung bul vel lei chu thuk vak lova lehphut tur a ni.
2. Serthlum hmun atan lei changtual, tuihawk luanbo zung zung theihna lai thlan ni se.
3. Serthlum chi tha, natna veilo kung atanga a rah hmin tha leh hrisel ngei ami chauh lak tur a ni. Tui, 51-52℃ a saah serthlum chi chu kui hmain 10 minutes chhung chiah tur a ni.
4. Serthlum chi chu a bik taka Siam, rannung te tak te te pawh luh theih lohna in (green house) a kui nise, natna laka a him bik a ni.
5. Serthlum Phun niin a phunna tur khur-ah chuan Trichoderma spp. phul tur a ni a, bawngek leh lei chawhpawlh-in a Phun leiin vur tur a ni a serthlum zung sin te te (root hair) chu a thlep tur a ni lo.
6. Serthlum tiak chu a mit bel (budded) a nih chuan a mit belna lai chu leia awm natna hrikin a tihchhiat loh nan lei atanga kang deuh-ah phun laiin a awm ngei tur a ni (Lei a tawk tur a ni lo)
7. Hlo thlawh lai leh lei tihthatna pek laiin Serthlum kung, a tang leh a zung tih pem loh tur a ni ( tih hliam loh tur, kih palh loh tur)
8. Serthlum kung, lei lam hnaiha a tang leh a zar te deuh, buk chhir chher hi a par leh a rahna tur a nih loh avangin natna hrik (vutbuak) awm duhna a nih bawk avangin tan chhum vek tur. Serthlum hmun thlawh leh a bul tihfai a harsat phah bawk a, ui lova tan vek tur a ni.
9. Serthlum hmuna tui pek nan a phuh sin vir zek zek chi (sprinklers) hman loh tur, natna a darhzau duh. Chuvangin tui pek nan a far keuh keuh chi (Drip irrigation) hman zawk tur a ni. A tui farna hmur (nozzle) chu serthlum zung tai darhna zawnah dah tur a ni.
10. A kung inhlat zawng pawh a dik tak zawm tur, a hun taka leitha leh tuipek tur. Mizoramah thal laia tui pek loh avangin serthlum a tam nasa hle. Serthlum chawm nan Urea pek tam loh tur, a aiah DAP hman zawk tur a ni. Thlai rulhut laka serthlum ven nan hectare khatah Neem Cake tonne khat serthlum kung bulah theh darha, lei nen chawhpawlh tur a ni, a bikin lei hnawn lai (Fur laiin) neem cake hi theh darh tur a ni.
11. Rannung var thlawk sep sep te, rannung dum thlawk sep sep te leh a tui hnang dawttu pangang var, keh awlsam tak (mealy. bugs) a tlem theih nan serthlum zar suat thawl a, a in buk thuah lutuk chu sahthlak then tur a ni. Zing deuhin serthlum Phun loh tur, a inkar hlat zawng zawm dik hian ser buk karah ni eng a lut tha zawk a ni.
12. Serthlum rah tla chu leiah phum zel tur a ni, tichuan ser rah tuihnang dawttu lungphur thlahtu (fruit sucking moth) a rem thei mai dawn a ni.
13. Serthlum kung inkara thlai dang chin chu Seng vat tur a ni, tichuan Ser rah tui hnang dawttu thlangdar leh pangang var a lo tlem thei dawn a ni, a chhan chu a note (nymphs) chu an vak sawn thei vak lo a, an kal hla thei bawk lo a ni.
14. Serthlum buka fanghmir bu awm apiang chu tihchhiat tur a ni a, fanghmir hian serthlum tuihnang dawltu pangang var (mealy bugs) hi an awmna apiangah an pu darh zel a ni.
15. Rannungtha serthlum hmuna tam theih nan, a hnuai ami Serthlum kara chin tur thlai hi chin tur a ni. A bik takin khuavanglamdar (lady bird beetle) leh Chrysoperla etc. te inthlahpun duh nan heng thlai hi chin a tha.
(1) Serthlum + Behlawi
(2) Serthlum + Bekang
B. Hmanraw dang hman:
1. A theih ang tawka tam pangang leh rannung vai tur, thlangdar phei hi chu lensuah-in tam tak a man theih.
2. Serthlum hnah tla chharkhawma hal ral zel tur.
3. Lungphur thlahtu leh Phengphehlep man nan zanah eng thangkam tur. Serthlum hmunah khawnvar or Petromax or Electric bulb khai tur a ni, a hnuaiah chawhtawlh hung ila, a chhungah a khat lo deuhin tui dah ila, sahbawn nuai phuan ila, khawnvartui dem telh bawk ila. Eng lawma rannung thlawk chu an chauh hunah chawhtawlh-ah chuan an tla khawm dawn a, zingah rannung chu senghawia tihhlum tur a ni.
4. A hnah dum natna (sooty mould) chu serthlum hnah atanga then fai nan buhtui hnang, tlema tui nena pawlh dal emaw, pangbal chhumna tui hnang, tui nena pawlh dal a serthlum hnah chu kap ila, serthlum hnaha dum awm chu a ro hnuah thliin a chhema a tla fai thei a ni.
C. Thil nung tha hman:-
1. Leia awm natna hrik laka venna
Leia awm natna hrik, Phytopthora, Fusariwn, leh Pyrhium laka serthlum him theih nan Trichoderma spp 1kg leh båwngek hnim tawih 40kg chawhpawlh hnuah serthlum kung khatah 2kg a bulah daha rih vur tur a ni.
2. Thil nung tangkai humhalh:
Serthlum tichhetu rannung eitu thil nung tangkai chu humhalh tur a ni a, an huat zawng rannung thahna hlo kah mai mai loh tur a ni. E.g Amblyscius tetranychivorus, Chrysoperla carnea, khuavanglamdar, Maimawm, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Mallada bonisis. Menochillus sexmaculatus. Heng bak hian inthlah pun nana rannung dang hmang tangkai a, tihlum zui thei tam tak a awm bawk. Chung te Chu: Apanteles Aphytes proclia, Leptomastix dactylopii etc.
3. Rannung tangkai vulh puna, serthlum hmuna chhuah: Serthlum tuihnang dawttu, rannung te tak te te thlawk sep sep, a dum leh a var leh a hrik (Aphids) eitu atan Chrysoperla note (larvae) leh Mallada note, 10-15 chu serthlum kung khat zelah chhuah tur a ni. Hetianga rannungtha chhuah lai chuan rannung thahnahlo kah loh tur a ni.
D. Rannung thahnahlo leh natna damdawi hman:
A tul tak tak hunah chauh, mamawh tawk chiah, fimkhur taka rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi him hman hi IPM hman tangkai dan pawimawh tak a ni. Boruak, tui leh leilung tana him dam, thlai hriselna ngaihtuah chunga serthlum tichhetu rannungin a hlauhawm chin ETL an thlen hun leh serthlum hmuna rannung tangkai awmsa te ngaihtuah chunga a loh theih loh huna rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi hman hi IPM hman tangkai dan dik tak a ni.
4: IPM-a hlawhtling taka serthlum ven kawnga zawm tur pawimawh te chu heng te hi a ni:
(1) A theih ang tawka tlem rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi hi kah tur a ni.
(2) Rannung thahna hlo chi hnih emaw a aia tam emaw chawhpawlh reng reng serthlum ven nan kah loh tur a ni.
(3) Rannung thahna hlo or natna damdawi ngai reng chu hman/kah nawn sek loh tur a ni.
(4) Rannung thahna hlo zingah synthetic Pyrethroids an tih heng Cypermethirn, Fevalerate, Deltamethrin, Allethrin. etc te hi serthlum ven nan hman reng reng loh tur a ni, serthlum tichhetu rannungin an huat ang tho in rannung tangkai tam takin an thih phah a. chuvang chuan serthlum tui hnang dawt chi rannung an pun phah hluai thei a ni.
(5) Kum tir lamah chuan rannung thahna hlo zingah rannung thenkhatin an huat bik (selective) hman ni se.
(6) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo hi a mal malin hman tur a ni (chi hrang hrang chawhpawlh loh tur) eg. Econeem, Multineem, Bioneem. Achook etc.
(7) Thlai chi khat atanga thlawr chhuah, rannung hnawhkianna bawlhlo Pyrethroids Chu hman nasat loh tur.
(8) Serthlum hmunah chuan heng thlai kahna (sprayer) te hi hman tur a ni, a kap sang thei a, a phuh sang thei bawk:-
(a) Foot pump sprayer
(b) Rocking sprayer.
Heng sprayer pahnih hmang tur hian mi pahnih a ngai, pakhatin a hipna (sucktion) chu rannung thahna hlo tui dahna bucket-ah chiah chungin a lo pump anga, pakhatin a kah chikna hmawr (nozzle) chu a kuang (lance) ah kengin serkung buk chu a lo phuh dawn a ni.
Phytophthora spp vanga natna enkawl dan:
(1) Serthlum tiak hrisello, natna kai awlsam tur chu phun loh tur.
(2) A mit bel tur a nih chuan a kung pui tur (rootstock) chu natna laka him, natna do thei tak a ni tur a ni.
(3) Urea leh DAP hman nasat lutuk loh tur.
(4) Phytophthora natna awm lohna hmun ami chauh serthlum tiak lak tur a ni a, a mit bel tur a nih chuan lei atanga 9 inches a sangah tal a mit bel chu a awm tur a ni.
(5) A mit belna serthlum tiak phun dawn chuan a theih ang tawka sangah a mit belna lai (bud union) chu a awm tur a ni, tichuan tui pek hunah a lut pha dawn lo a ni.
(6) Mizorama Serthlum hmun chu tlang pang, tuihawk luanbo zung zung theihna a nih avangin tui din vanga natna awm thei lakah chuan a him sa a ni.
(7) Hnim sam lai te, lei lehphut lai leh serthlum kara thlai chin leh Seng te, serthlum kung buk lutuk sahthlak lai te in serthlum kung leh a zar te tihpem loh tur a ni a, Zung pawh cheh chhum loh tur a ni.
(8) Trichoderma spa 1kg leh bawng ek/ar ek/hnim uptawih dur 40kg chawhpawlh tur a ni a. chutiang chu serthlum kung khatah 2kg phula, lei nen rihpawlh tur a ni. Lei hnawn lai ngeiin phul tur a ni.
(9) Serthlum zung tawih leh a kung hnaila enkawl nan Copper oxy-chloride WP chu @ 3gm leh tui 1litre chawhpawlha a hun dik takah kah tur a ni.
(10) Serthlum kung hnaila (gummosis) chu a kunga ahnai khir leh rote ziah fai hnuah Bordeaux Paste hnawih tur a ni. Bordeaux paste chu hetiang hian siam tir a ni. Tui 15 litres ah copper sulphate 2kg chu bucket-ah chawhral vek tur a ni. Tui 15 litres dang bucket-ah dah tur a ni a, heta tang Elian 5 litres lakchhuaha chinai 3 kg chawhral leh vek tur a ni. A hnuah tui la bang 10 litres leih belh a chawhfin tur a ni. A tawkah Copper Sulphate tui leh chinai tui chu bucket lianah chawhpawlh leh tur a ni. Chu chu Bordeaux paste a ni ta a, Serthlum kungah brush in hnawih tur a ni. Ni khata Bordeaux Paste siamsa hi a siamni vek hian hman (hnawih) zawh nghal vek tur a ni, a tuk atan siamsa hman bang chu dahthat loh tur a ni, a bang a awm pawhin paih vek tur a ni.
F. Hnim suat:
1. A hun taka hlo thlawh, a hun taka lei tihthatna pek leh a hun taka tui pek te hi teh thlap thlap tur a ni.
2. Serthlum huan chu engtik lai pawhin samfai reng tur a ni.
3. Serthlum hmuna Sarang phah te, favai chap te, buh si leh buh pawl chap hian hnim to tur a dang a, leia hnawng awm a hu a kal ral tur a veng pah bawk.
G. Thlai rulhut suat:-
1. Nipui laiin serthlum hmun a lei chu rihphut tur, tichuan leia awm thlai rulhut leh a tui a pho chhuak anga, nisain a em hlum dawn a ni.
2. Thlai rulhut do thei serthlum kung tha leh hrisel chauh phun tur a ni.
3. Serthlum kung tinah neem cake 40 gm zel phul a, rihvur tur a ni. Paecilomyces liracinus or Pseudomonas fluorencens ( 1O8cfu) serthlum hmunah hman bawk tur a ni.
4. Carbofuran 3G chu sawk hnih lek lek serkung bul tinah phul tur a ni.
IV. SERTHLUM TICHHETU RANNUNG AZIR LEH SERTHLUM THAN DAN AZIRA IPM HMAN TURTE:-
| |
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|---|---|---|
| 1 | A chi kui laiin Leia awm natna hrik. | 1) A chi hrisel, natna laka fihlim chauh kui tur a ni. A mit bel tur a nih chuan, a kung bul thut (root stock) atan natna do thei ser tha chauh hman tur a ni.
2) A mit belna lai chu sertiak phunlaiin lei atanga a sang thei ang berah a awm tur a ni. 3) Serthlum chi chu kui dawnah Carbendazim nuaipawlh tur. 4) A hnah val (canker) natna a hluarna hmunah chuan serthlum chi chu kui hmain Streptocycline lei tui chawhpawlhah darkar chanve chiah tur a ni. |
| - | A tui hnang dawttu rannung | Heng rannung laka a him nan kui hmain serthlum chi leh rannung thahna hlo nuaipawlh tur a ni. |
| 2 | A tiak phun dawnah | 1) Nipui laiin serthlum phunna tur khur laih vek tur a ni.
2) Hnim samfai tur. 3) A phunna tur khur chu nisa em tir tur a ni. 4) A tiak phun laiin a vur nan bawngek/hnim uptawih dur tam tawk a awm ngei tur a ni. 5) A tiak Phun laiin a vurna tur bawngek or leidur 40kg leh Trichoderma spp 1kg chawhpawlh phawt a, chu chu a khur pakhatah 2kg zel a vurna lei nen chawhpawlh tur a ni. 6) Serthlum tiak hrisel, natna vei lo chauh phun tur a ni. |
| 3 | A than duan lai (kum 1-5) Hnim | 1. A theih anga zinga hnim samfai tur.
2. Serthlum hmunah hian hnim a to theihloh nan sarang phah te, favai thehdarh te, buh pawl chap te hi a tangkai hle. 3. Hnim tur Glysophate @ 2ml leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni. Serkung leh a hnah phuh ve loh tur a ni. |
| 4 | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Rannung te tak te te, a dum leh a var, a tuihnang dawttu (white & black flies) |
1) A hmun samfai reng tur, leitihthatna, bawngek, leh tui hun takah pek tur
2) A zar intawk leh invaw pha te sahthlak 3) Zing deuhin ser phunloh tur, an lo phun zing tawh a nih pawhin a kar ami chu kih mai tur a ni. 4) Serthlum hmun atangin tuihawk a luangbo zung zung thei tur a ni. 5) Serthlum hmunah Eng thang kam tur (wave length 55nm) 6) Rannung te tak te te man nan serthlum kungah puan ban (sticky trip) thlun tur. 7) Rannung tha ho humhalh tur. 8) Rannungtha-Chrysoperla spp leh Mallada boninensis chhuah tur, kung khatah a tui or a note (grub) 10-15 chhuah tur a ni. 9) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo kah tur 10) Monocrotophos kah nise. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
A tuihnang dawttu katnelh (Citrus Psylla) |
1) A hmun thlawhfai tur.
2) Puan ban eng thlun tur. 3) A tihchhiat tawh serthlum zik leh a rah helte paih vek tur. 4) Serthlum hmuna awm rannung tangkai leh maimawm humhalh tur a ni. 5) Katnelh ei chi rannung tangkai serthlum hmunah khawi puna, chhuah tur a ni. 6) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo kah tur. 7) Monocrotophos @2ml leh 1 litre chawhpawlh kap rawh. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Serthlum hnahno hreuh rangtu (Leaf miner) |
1) A than duh lai hian inrin a tul.
2) A than duh lai chuan serthlum chu a tang leh a zar sat thla suh. 3) Urea leh DAP pek tam loh tur. 4) A thang chak bik lutuk leh thang muang lutuk bik serthlum zik chu tan chhum tur a ni. 5) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo hmang ang che. 6) Serthlum chawrno lai hian hman tura an sawi zing ami rannung thahna hlo kap ang che. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
A tui hnang dawttu hrik (Aphids |
1) A hrik bawm duh zawng tak thlai chu ser hmunah Ching ang che eg. French antam
2) A hrik chawa ringa ei thin, satel ang tak, khuavanglamdar humhalh rawh. 3) A hrik ei thin rannungtha khawia, vulhpuna, serthlum hmuna chhuah tur a ni. 4) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo kap la. 5) Oxydemeton methyl or Imidacloprid @ 2ml leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kap rawh. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20) Ser hnah, a par leh a rah tirangtu (Thrips) | 1) Dimethoate or Phosphamidon or Monocrotophos @ 1ml leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh in serthlum kap rawh. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20) Serthlum rah dawttu lungphur thlahtu (Fruit sucking moth) bo tur | 1) Serthlum hmun fai taka sam tur.
2) Serthlum rah tla chhar khawma, phum 3) Eng thang kam tur. 4) Lungphur thlahtu hrai nan a ei duh zawng tur chah tur, heng te hi chawhpawlh hnuah burah dah in serthlum kungah khai tur a ni. Malathion = 20gm or Diazinon = 50ml Kurtai = 200gm Vinegar = tlem te tui = 2 litres Heng hi chawhpawlha kurtai hi chawh ral vek tur a ni. Serthlum kung tam dan azirin siam belh zel tur a ni. Serthlum rah dawttu lungphur thlahtu hian chhunah leh zanah serthlum rah a dawt thin a ni. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Pi Khawizu lian (Serthlum rah lung - fruit fly) |
1) Serthlum hmun fai taka enkawl tur.
2) Serthlum rah hut/a lung awmna leh a rah tla apiang chu chhar khawma, phum bo tur a ni. 3) Serthlumrah khi-ah Pikhawizu lian chu tui sela, a hnuah Chu sertlum rah Chu phum bo tur a ni. 4) Pikhawizu lian man nan Pheromone thang kam tur a ni a, a chhungah chuan 0% Methyl euginol leh 0.05% Malathion dah tur a ni. 5) Serthlum hmuna awmsa rannung tangkai humhalh tur a ni a, khawia vulh pun theih chi chu vulh puna, serthlum hmunah chhuah tur a ni. 6) Malathion @2ml or Trichlorfon @2ml leh chini/kurtai 1% leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Phengphehlep dum/phuntiha (Lemon butterfly) |
1) Pangang vaia, hmehhlum tur, pangang
(a uk chu or pangang rang, sava ek ang tak a ni)
2) Phengphehlep tui tichhe thei Trichogramma spp chu Serthlum hmunah a khat tawkin chhuah tur a ni. 3) Pangang suat nan Bacillus thuringiensis 0.05% kah tur a ni. 4) Monocrotophos @ 1ml or Quinalphos @2ml orPhosalone @2ml leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Serthlum hawng/pil eitu pangang leh khuavang chhinchhiah ang |
1) Serthlum kung, a zar leh a tang a hreuhna kuatihfai hnuah khawnvartui or tak,a tuihang dawttu, Petrolah lapua chiah la, chu chu pangang kher kuakah hnawh ila, chirhdiaka zut phui tlat tur a ni. Lapaw chiah nan hian Dichlorvos pawh a hman theih
2) He pangang huat ngei tur rannung- thahnahlo hi kah tur a ni. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
A tuihnang dawttu, rannung var (Mealy bug) |
1) Serthlum zar leh a tang, lei hnaih ami tan vek tur, rannungin a tihchhiat lai a zik leh a tang pawh sahthlak tur, tichuan serthlum bukah nieng a lut thei dawn a ni.
2) Serthlum kunga fanghmir bu awm chu tihchhiatvek tur a ni. 3) Serthlum kung, lei hnaih lai chu sarang bana tuam tur a ni, tichuan leia rannung awm chu serthlum kungah an lawn thei dawn lo a ni. 4) Nipui laiin serthlum kung hnaih lei chu rihphut tur a ni a. rannungtui a pho lang anga ni sain a em ro mai dawn a ni. chubakah rannungtui ei thin ho in tui chu an lo ei zo mai dawn a ni. 5) Pheromone thang kam tur a ni. 6) Serthlum hmuna rannungtha leh tangkai zawm te humhalh tur a ni. 7) Rannungtha Leptomastyx dactylopi, hectare khatah a puitling (adult) 5000-7000 serthlum hrnunah chhuah tur a ni. 8) Heng a hnuaia rannungthahnahlo eng emaw ber hian serthlum kah tur. (a) Dimethoate 150ml + Khawnvartui 250 + Tui 100 litres (b) Carbaryl IOml + Khawnvartui 10ml + Tui 10litres (c) Malathion 20mI + Khawnvartui 10ml + Tui 10 litres. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20) Maimawmte (Mites) | 1) A bikin thal leh nipui laiin serthlum chu
tui pek that tur a ni.
2) Serthlum hmuna awm rannungtha humhalh tur a ni. 3) Serthlum kung tinah Chrysoperla note (grub) 10-15 chhuah tur. 4) Neem atanga siam rannung thahna hlo or Pongamia hriak leh Mahua hriak te kah tur a ni. 5) Monocrotophos 1ml leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh or Oxydemeton methyl 1.5ml leh tui 1litre chawhpawlh or wettable sulphur 80WP, 3gm leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh chu maimawmte tam dan azirin kah tur a ni. |
| - | A rah hun (kum 5-20)
Natna hrang hrang |
1) A hnah val natna (canker) do thei serthlum chi tha chin tur a ni 2) Fur hmain a hnah val natna (canker) in a tihchhiat a zar leh a tang chu sahthlak vek tur a ni. 3) Streptomycin + Tetracycline hydro chloride @ 50-100 ppm, Copper oxy chloride @ 2gm leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh, Mancozeb @ 2gm leh tui 1 litre chawhpawlh kah tur a ni. |
V. IPM –A SERTHLUM VEN CHUNGCHANGA TIHTUR LEH TIHLOH TURTE:
| 1 | Serthlum mit bel leh a chi chu a chi tha natna laka fihlim atanga kui, a tiak hrisel, a kuina hmun (nurseries)pawh natna laka fihlim a ni tur a ni. | 1 | Serthlum mit bel leh a tiak, natna vei awlsam leh natna laka fihlim lo chu phun loh tur a ni. |
| 2 | Fimkhur takin hnim sam a, lei lehphut tur a ni. | 2 | Hnim sam Iai leh lei rin phut laiin serthlum zung leh a kung tih pem loh tur a ni. |
| 3 | Serthlum mamawh tawk chauh lei tih thatna chu a hun takah pek tur a ni. | 3 | Serthlum mamawh phuhruk phalo lei tihthatna pek loh tur, a chhiat viau chuan natna leh rannung tihchhiat a dolet thei dawn lo a ni. |
| 4 | Serthlum hmun chu tui hawk luan bo zung zung theihna a ni tur a ni. | 4 | Serthlum hmunah tui tlin tir loh tur, a bik takin a kung hual velin tui a tling tur a ni lo. |
| 5 | A mit bel anih chuan a mit bel lai chu a sang thei ang berah a awm tur a ni, tichuan leia awm natna hrik a kai dawn lo a ni. | 5 | |
| 6 | A tichhetu rannung leh natna te serthlum hmuna thli thlai a khat tawka kal fo tur a ni, a hun takah a hlauhawm chin (ETL) pawh hriat tum tur a ni- tichuan rannung chi hrang hrang suat tura hma lak dan kawng a hriat theih dawn a ni. | 6 | Natnain a bawm tihchhiat lai serthlum zik leh a tang chu sahchhuma, halral tur a ni, a bik takin a mawng tawlh zawnga a tang/zik thi thla Zel phei Chu tan khalh vat tur a ni. |
| 7 | A pawng-a takin rannung thahna hlo kah mai mai loh tur tichuan rannungtha i humhalh nghal tihna a ni. | 7 | Duh hun hunah awmze nei lovin rannung thahna hlo kah mai mai loh tur a ni. |
| 8 | Serthlum tichhetu rannung suat a awlsam lai ngeiin an huat tur ngei, him leh thawk sawt chi rannung thahna hlo kah tur a ni. | 8 | Rannung thahna hlo chi khat aia tam mahni thua lo chawhpawlha, kah ve ngawt hi a tha lo a, tih loh tur a ni. |
| 9 | Serthlum hmuna hman tur atana an tih chauh rannung thahna hlo, a hman tur dik tak leh tui pawlh tur zat dik tak chauh pawlh hnuah kah tur. | 9 | Hman tura tih zat aia tlem emaw aia tam emaw rannung thahna hlo leh damdawi kah loh tur a ni. A chhan chu: (a)Rannungin an rem phah lo thei. (b)Rannungin an huat loh hun a thleng thei. (c) Natna chi dang tunhmaa la awm ngai lo a lo awm phah thei. (d) Tul lova insensona a nih bakah tui, lei leh boruak a tibawlhhlawh mai mai a ni. (e) Serthlum tana tun hmaa rannung hnawksaklo kha harsatna siamtu a ni thei. |
| 10 | A kahna bur hman tur dik tak hmang la, a kah dan tur dik takin rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi kap ang che, serthlum pawh kim takin kah tur a ni. | 10 | A pum tur zat ngai reng pum chunga phuhchhuak tam chi, a hmur (nozzle) chu hman loh buk tur, a chhan chu serthlum hnah a huh rual thei lo a ni. |
| 11 | Rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi i lei reng reng in cash memo la ziah la, tah chuan a batch number pawh a inziak ngei tur a ni | 11 | Rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi reng reng, a chhe tawh (expired) chu hman loh tur a ni. |
| Hnim suat | |||
| 12 | April-May hian nisat that niin serthlum kung inkara lei lehphut tur a ni (A zung Chek chat lovin) | 12 | Lei Cheh phut hnu lawk hian serthlum Chu tui pek loh tur, dah ro a, nisa em tirtur, tichuan hnim zung leh a bulbal te a ro anga, a thi dawn a ni. |
| 13 | Hnim chi tiah hmaa kah chi hnim tur chu hnim to hma ngeiin kah tur (Serthlurn kung kah fuh loh tur). | 13 | Hnim chi tiah hmaa hman tur chi tur (Pre-emergence herbicids) Chu hnim a tiah Hnu chuan kah loh tur, a sawt loh bakah serthlum in a haw palh thei. |
| 14 | Hnim chi tiah hmaa kah chi hnim tur chu hnim to hma ngeiin kah tur (Serthlum kung kah fuh loh tur). | 14 | Hnim chi tiah hmaa hman tur chi (Pre-ernergence herbicides) chu hnim a tiah hnu chuan kah loh tur. A sawt loh bakah Serthlumin a haw palh thei. |
| 15 | Serthlum hmuna hman tur bik hnim tur chauh kap la, a hman tur zat diktak chu tui pawlh tur zat dik tak nen pawlhin a kah hun dik takah chauh kap la, flat fal or flood jet noozle hmang ang che. | 15 | Lei ro laiin hnim tiah hman chi hnim tur kah loh tur. hnim tur chu lei nena chawhpawlh hmasakin hman loh tur, tui nen luang za turin pawlh loh tur. Hnimtur kah na bur (sprayer) chu rannung thahna hlo leh natna damdawi kah nan hman loh tur a ni. |
VI. SERTHLUM HMUNA HMAN TUR RANNUNG THAHNA HLO
| 1 | Rannung thlawk sep sep var leh dum, a tuihnang dawttu (Black & White flies) | 1) Neem prcxiucts (300ppm)
2) Monocmtophos 36SL |
2.5 litres/ha 0.06% |
| 2 | Katnelh, a tuihnang dawttu (Citrus psylla) | 1) Neem products (300ppm)
2) Monocrotophos 36SL 3) Thiometan25EC |
2.5 litres/ha
0.01% 0.08% |
| 3 | Ser hnah hreuh rangtu (Leaf/Miner) | l) Monocrotophos 36SL
2) phosphamidon 85WSC 3) Quinalphos 20AF |
0.07%
0.03% 0.02% |
| 4 | Serthlum rah dawttu lungphurthlahtu (Fruit sucking moth) leh pi-khawizu lian (fruitfly) | Malathion 50 EC | 0.01% |
| 5 | Serthlum zikno eitu pangang (Lemon butterfly) (phuntih a) | 1) Monocmtophos 36SL
2) Quinalphos 20 AF 3) Phosalone35EC 4) Bacillus thuringiensis |
0.04%
0.05% 0.05% 0.05% |
| 6 | A tuihnang dawttu rannung var (mealy bugs) | 1) Carbary150WPP= 1Om1+
khawnvartui=10ml+tui 10ltr
ser kah nan hman tur
2)Malathion 50 EC |
Heng chawhpawlh hi
0.01% |
| 7 | Khuavang chhinchhiah ang tak,ser hnah, a zik no leh a a chi, a tuihnang dawttu, leh thlangdar chi hrang hrang | 1) Monocrotophos 36SL
2) Dimethoate 30EC 3) Chlorpyriphos 20EC 4) Neem oil |
0.08%
0.07% 0.01% 2% |
VII. SERTHLUM HMUNA AWM RANNUNG TANGKAI (NATURAL ENEMIES) TANA RANNUNG THAHNA HLO HIM DEUHTE (AN HUATLOH DEUHTE)
| PARASITOIDS: | |||
| 1 | Apanteles papilionis | Phuntiha (Lemon butterfly) ser zikno eitu pangang | 1) Fenvaterate
2) Permathrin 3) Phosalone |
| 2 | Aphytis proclia | San Jose Scale | Fenvalerate |
| 3 | Leptomastix dactylopii | Ser tuihnang dawttu rannung var | 1) Monocrotophos
(Citrus mealy bug)
2) Phosalone |
| PREDATORS | |||
| 4 | Amblyseiu | Maimawm te, sen (Red spider tetranychivorus mites) | engmah him dam a awm lo |
| 5 | Chrysoperla carnea | Katnelh, (Jassids), a hrik (Aphids), a tuihnang dawttu | 1) Fenvalerate
2) Phosalone |
| 6 | Coccinella septem- punctata (khuavanglamdar) | A tuihnang dawttu hrik (Aphids) | 1) Vaihlo chhum tui
2) Neem hnah chhum tui 3) Oxydemeton methyl |
| 7 | Cryptolaemus momrouzieri | ||
| 8 | Mallada boninensis | A tuihnang dawttu hrik (Aphids) leh rannung var thlawk sep sep, a tuihnang dawttu ( White fly) | 1) Dichlorvos
2) Fenvalerate 3) Fluvalinate 4) Oxydemeton methyl |
| 9 | Menochilus sexma- culatus | A tuihnang dawttu hrik (Aphids) leh rannung var thlawk sep sep, a tuihnang dawttu (Whire fly) | Engmah him a awm lo |